- Commit
- 7ec8aac792bf1da45a06d0b87f2834361ad2a967
- Parent
- 9788260f50ce01b6a73588eaf93ad84673d5df3d
- Author
- Pablo <pablo-escobar@riseup.net>
- Date
Fixed a major typo
Replace "acts in" for "acts on"
Source code for my notes on representations of semisimple Lie algebras and Olivier Mathieu's classification of simple weight modules
Fixed a major typo
Replace "acts in" for "acts on"
5 files changed, 41 insertions, 41 deletions
Status | File Name | N° Changes | Insertions | Deletions |
Modified | sections/complete-reducibility.tex | 6 | 3 | 3 |
Modified | sections/introduction.tex | 6 | 3 | 3 |
Modified | sections/mathieu.tex | 22 | 11 | 11 |
Modified | sections/semisimple-algebras.tex | 28 | 14 | 14 |
Modified | sections/sl2-sl3.tex | 20 | 10 | 10 |
diff --git a/sections/complete-reducibility.tex b/sections/complete-reducibility.tex @@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ a representation}. \begin{proposition} The Casimir element \(C_V \in \mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{g})\) is central, so that \(C_V : W \to W\) is an intertwining operator for any \(\mathfrak{g}\)-module - \(W\). Furthermore, \(C_V\) acts in \(V\) as a nonzero scalar operator + \(W\). Furthermore, \(C_V\) acts on \(V\) as a nonzero scalar operator whenever \(V\) is a non-trivial finite-dimensional irreducible representation of \(\mathfrak{g}\). \end{proposition} @@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ a representation}. the action of any other element of \(\mathfrak{g}\). In particular, it follows from Schur's lemma that if \(V\) is - finite-dimensional and irreducible then \(C_V\) acts in \(V\) as a scalar + finite-dimensional and irreducible then \(C_V\) acts on \(V\) as a scalar operator. To see that this scalar is nonzero we compute \[ \operatorname{Tr}(C_V\!\restriction_V) @@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ establish\dots Now suppose that \(V\) is non-trivial, so that \(C_V\) acts on \(V\) as \(\lambda \operatorname{Id}\) for some \(\lambda \ne 0\). Given an eigenvalue - \(\mu \in K\) of the action of \(C_V\) in \(W\), denote by \(W^\mu\) its + \(\mu \in K\) of the action of \(C_V\) on \(W\), denote by \(W^\mu\) its associated generalized eigenspace. We claim \(W^0\) is the image of the inclusion \(K \to W\). Since \(C_V\) acts as zero in \(K\), this image is clearly contained in \(W^0\). On the other hand, if \(w \in W\) is such that
diff --git a/sections/introduction.tex b/sections/introduction.tex @@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ this last construction. \(K\) with rational group operations -- and \(K[G]\) denote the ring of regular functions \(G \to K\). We call a derivation \(D : K[G] \to K[G]\) left invariant if \(D(g \cdot f) = g \cdot D f\) for all \(g \in G\) and \(f - \in K[G]\) -- where the action of \(G\) in \(K[G]\) is given by \((g \cdot + \in K[G]\) -- where the action of \(G\) on \(K[G]\) is given by \((g \cdot f)(h) = f(g^{-1} h)\). The commutator of left invariant derivations is invariant too, so the space \(\operatorname{Lie}(G) = \operatorname{Der}(G)^G\) of invariant derivations in \(K[G]\) has the @@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ say\dots \begin{example} Given a Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\), the algebra \(\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{g})\) is a \(\mathfrak{g}\)-module, where the action - of \(\mathfrak{g}\) in \(\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{g})\) is given by left + of \(\mathfrak{g}\) on \(\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{g})\) is given by left multiplication. This is known as \emph{the regular representation of \(\mathfrak{g}\)}. \end{example} @@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ representations. Given a Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\) and two representations \(V\) and \(W\) of \(\mathfrak{g}\), we call a linear map \(T : V \to W\) \emph{an intertwiner} or \emph{a homomorphism of representations} if it commutes with - the action of \(\mathfrak{g}\) in \(V\) and \(W\), in the sense that the + the action of \(\mathfrak{g}\) on \(V\) and \(W\), in the sense that the diagram \begin{center} \begin{tikzcd}
diff --git a/sections/mathieu.tex b/sections/mathieu.tex @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ A particularly well behaved class of examples are the so called \end{definition} \begin{example}\label{ex:laurent-polynomial-mod} - There is a natural action of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) in the space \(K[x, + There is a natural action of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) on the space \(K[x, x^{-1}]\) of Laurent polynomials given by the formulas in (\ref{eq:laurent-polynomials-cusp-mod}). One can quickly verify \(K[x, x^{-1}]_{2 k} = K x^k\) and \(K[x, x^{-1}]_\lambda = 0\) for any \(\lambda @@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ relationship is well understood. Namely, Fernando himself established\dots \mathfrak{p}^\sigma\) and \(V \cong \sigma W\) for some\footnote{Here $\mathfrak{p}^\sigma$ denotes the image of $\mathfrak{p}$ under the automorphism of $\sigma : \mathfrak{g} \to \mathfrak{g}$ given by the - canonical action of $\mathcal{W}$ in $\mathfrak{g}$ and $\sigma W$ is the + canonical action of $\mathcal{W}$ on $\mathfrak{g}$ and $\sigma W$ is the $\mathfrak{p}$-module given by composing the map $\mathfrak{p}' \to \mathfrak{gl}(W)$ with the restriction $\sigma\!\restriction_{\mathfrak{p}} : \mathfrak{p} \to \mathfrak{p}'$.} \(\sigma \in \mathcal{W}_V\), where @@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ a cuspidal representations we have encountered so far: the \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\)-module \(K[x, x^{-1}]\) of Laurent polynomials -- i.e. example~\ref{ex:laurent-polynomial-mod}. -Our first observation is that \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) acts in \(K[x, x^{-1}]\) +Our first observation is that \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) acts on \(K[x, x^{-1}]\) via differential operators. In other words, the action map \(\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)) \to \operatorname{End}(K[x, x^{-1}])\) factors through the inclusion of the algebra \(\operatorname{Diff}(K[x, @@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ where the maps \(\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)) \to \operatorname{Diff}(K[x, x^{-1}])\) and \(\operatorname{Diff}(K[x, x^{1}]) \to \operatorname{End}(K[x, x^{-1}])\) are the ones from the previous diagram. -Explicitly, we find that the action of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) in +Explicitly, we find that the action of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) on \(\varphi_\lambda K[x, x^{-1}]\) is given by \begin{align*} p & \overset{e}{\mapsto} @@ -692,8 +692,8 @@ coherent family are cuspidal representations? centralizer\footnote{This notation comes from the fact that the centralizer of $\mathfrak{h}$ in $\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{g})$ coincides the weight space associated with $0 \in \mathfrak{h}^*$ in the adjoint action of - $\mathfrak{g}$ in $\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{g})$ -- not to be confused with the - regular action of $\mathfrak{g}$ in $\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{g})$.} of + $\mathfrak{g}$ on $\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{g})$ -- not to be confused with the + regular action of $\mathfrak{g}$ on $\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{g})$.} of \(\mathfrak{h}\) in \(\mathcal{U}(\mathfrak{g})\). Moreover, the multiplicity of a given irreducible representation \(W\) of \(\mathfrak{g}\) coincides with the multiplicity of \(W_\lambda\) in \(V_\lambda\) as a @@ -887,14 +887,14 @@ find \(V \subsetneq \mathcal{M}[\lambda]\). In fact, we may find \(\operatorname{supp} V \subsetneq \lambda + Q\). This wasn't an issue an example~\ref{ex:laurent-polynomial-mod} because we -verified that the action of \(f \in \mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) in \(K[x, x^{-1}]\) is +verified that the action of \(f \in \mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) on \(K[x, x^{-1}]\) is injective. Since all weight spaces of \(K[x, x^{-1}]\) are 1-dimensional, this implies the action of \(f\) is actually bijective, so we can obtain a nonzero vector in \(K[x, x^{-1}]_{2 k} = K x^k\) for any \(k \in \mathbb{Z}\) by translating between weight spaced using \(f\) and \(f^{-1}\) -- here \(f^{-1}\) denote the differential operator \((- \sfrac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x} + \sfrac{x^{-1}}{2})^{-1}\), which is the -inverse of the action of \(f\) in \(K[x, x^{-1}]\). +inverse of the action of \(f\) on \(K[x, x^{-1}]\). \begin{center} \begin{tikzcd} \cdots \arrow[bend left=60]{r}{f^{-1}} @@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ instance\dots \end{lemma} In our case, we are more interested in formally inverting the action of -\(F_\alpha\) in \(V\) than in inverting \(F_\alpha\) itself. To that end, we +\(F_\alpha\) on \(V\) than in inverting \(F_\alpha\) itself. To that end, we introduce one further construction, known as \emph{the localization of a module}. @@ -1022,7 +1022,7 @@ in\dots \end{lemma} Again, in our case we are interested in inverting the actions of the -\(F_\alpha\) in \(V\). However, for us to be able to translate between all +\(F_\alpha\) on \(V\). However, for us to be able to translate between all weight spaces associated with elements of \(\lambda + Q\), \(\lambda \in \operatorname{supp} V\), we only need to invert the \(F_\alpha\)'s for \(\alpha\) in some subset of \(\Delta\) which spans all of \(Q = \mathbb{Z} @@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@ that \(\Sigma^{-1} V\) contains \(V\) and that its support is an entire module and every element of \(\Sigma^{-1} V\) has the form \(s^{-1} v = s^{-1} \otimes v\) for \(s \in (F_\beta)_{\beta \in \Sigma}\) and \(v \in V\), we can see that \(\Sigma^{-1} V = \bigoplus_\lambda \Sigma^{-1} - V_\lambda\). Furthermore, since the action of each \(F_\beta\) in + V_\lambda\). Furthermore, since the action of each \(F_\beta\) on \(\Sigma^{-1} V\) is bijective and \(\Sigma\) is a basis for \(Q\) we obtain \(\operatorname{supp} \Sigma^{-1} V = Q + \operatorname{supp} V\).
diff --git a/sections/semisimple-algebras.tex b/sections/semisimple-algebras.tex @@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ words\dots \begin{proposition}\label{thm:preservation-jordan-form} Let \(V\) be a finite-dimensional representation of \(\mathfrak{g}\) and \(X - \in \mathfrak{g}\). Denote by \(X\!\restriction_V\) the action of \(X\) in + \in \mathfrak{g}\). Denote by \(X\!\restriction_V\) the action of \(X\) on \(V\). Then \(X_s\!\restriction_V = (X\!\restriction)_s\) and \(X_n\!\restriction_V = (X\!\restriction)_n\). \end{proposition} @@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ corollary~\ref{thm:finite-dim-is-weight-mod} fails even for reductive Lie algebras. For a counterexample, consider the algebra \(\mathfrak{g} = K\): the Cartan subalgebra of \(\mathfrak{g}\) is \(\mathfrak{g}\) itself, and a \(\mathfrak{g}\)-module is simply a vector space \(V\) endowed with an operator -\(V \to V\) -- which corresponds to the action of \(1 \in \mathfrak{g}\) in +\(V \to V\) -- which corresponds to the action of \(1 \in \mathfrak{g}\) on \(V\). In particular, if we choose an operator \(V \to V\) which is \emph{not} diagonalizable we find \(V \ne \bigoplus_{\lambda \in \mathfrak{h}^*} V_\lambda\). @@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ be a general fact, which is a consequence of the non-degeneracy of the restriction of the Killing form to the Cartan subalgebra. \begin{proposition}\label{thm:weights-symmetric-span} - The eigenvalues \(\alpha\) of the adjoint action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) in + The eigenvalues \(\alpha\) of the adjoint action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) on \(\mathfrak{g}\) are symmetrical about the origin -- i.e. \(- \alpha\) is also an eigenvalue -- and they span all of \(\mathfrak{h}^*\). \end{proposition} @@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ Furthermore, as in the case of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) and The proof of the first statement of proposition~\ref{thm:weights-symmetric-span} highlights something interesting: if we fix some some eigenvalue \(\alpha\) of the adjoint action of -\(\mathfrak{h}\) in \(\mathfrak{g}\) and a eigenvector \(X \in +\(\mathfrak{h}\) on \(\mathfrak{g}\) and a eigenvector \(X \in \mathfrak{g}_\alpha\), then for each \(H \in \mathfrak{h}\) and \(v \in V_\lambda\) we find \[ @@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ have that \(\lambda + \alpha\) is a weight with \(\lambda \prec \lambda + = \bigoplus_{k \in \mathbb{N}} V_{\lambda - k \alpha} \] and \(\lambda(H_\alpha)\) is the right-most eigenvalue of the action of \(h\) -in the \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\)-module \(\bigoplus_k V_{\lambda - k \alpha}\). +on the \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\)-module \(\bigoplus_k V_{\lambda - k \alpha}\). This has a number of important consequences. For instance\dots @@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ This has a number of important consequences. For instance\dots Notice that any \(\mu \in P\) in the line joining \(\lambda\) and \(\sigma_\alpha(\lambda)\) has the form \(\mu = \lambda - k \alpha\) for some \(k\), so that \(V_\mu\) corresponds the eigenspace associated with the - eigenvalue \(\lambda(H_\alpha) - 2k\) of the action of \(h\) in \(\bigoplus_k + eigenvalue \(\lambda(H_\alpha) - 2k\) of the action of \(h\) on \(\bigoplus_k V_{\lambda - k \alpha}\). If \(\mu\) lies between \(\lambda\) and \(\sigma_\alpha(\lambda)\) then \(k\) lies between \(0\) and \(\lambda(H_\alpha)\), in which case \(V_\mu \neq 0\) and therefore \(\mu\) @@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ class of arguments leads us to the conclusion\dots Aside from showing up the previous theorem, the Weyl group will also play an important role in chapter~\ref{ch:mathieu} by virtue of the existence of a -canonical action of \(\mathcal{W}\) in \(\mathfrak{h}\). By its very nature +canonical action of \(\mathcal{W}\) on \(\mathfrak{h}\). By its very nature \(\mathcal{W}\) acts in \(\mathfrak{h}^*\). If we conjugate the action \(\sigma\!\restriction_{\mathfrak{h}^*} : \mathfrak{h}^* \isoto \mathfrak{h}^*\) of some \(\sigma \in \mathcal{W}\) by the isomorphism @@ -601,14 +601,14 @@ prove -- but see \cite[sec.~14.3]{humphreys}. e^{\operatorname{ad}(E_\alpha)} e^{- \operatorname{ad}(F_\alpha)} e^{\operatorname{ad}(E_\alpha)} : \mathfrak{g} \isoto \mathfrak{g}\). Then \(\tilde\sigma_\alpha\) is an automorphism of Lie algebras, and this defines - an action of \(\mathcal{W}\) in \(\mathfrak{g}\) which is compatible with the - canonical action of \(\mathcal{W}\) in \(\mathfrak{h}\) -- i.e. + an action of \(\mathcal{W}\) on \(\mathfrak{g}\) which is compatible with the + canonical action of \(\mathcal{W}\) on \(\mathfrak{h}\) -- i.e. \(\tilde\sigma\!\restriction_{\mathfrak{h}} = \sigma\!\restriction_{\mathfrak{h}}\) for all \(\sigma \in \mathcal{W}\). \end{proposition} \begin{note} - Notice that the action of \(\mathcal{W}\) in \(\mathfrak{g}\) from + Notice that the action of \(\mathcal{W}\) on \(\mathfrak{g}\) from proposition~\ref{thm:weyl-group-action} is not canonical, since it depends on the choice of \(E_\alpha\) and \(F_\alpha\). Nevertheless, \(\mathfrak{h}\) is stable under the action of \(\mathcal{W}\) -- i.e. \(\mathcal{W} \cdot @@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ known as \emph{Verma modules}. \begin{definition}\label{def:verma} The \(\mathfrak{g}\)-module \(M(\lambda) = \operatorname{Ind}_{\mathfrak{b}}^{\mathfrak{g}} K v^+\), where the action of - \(\mathfrak{b}\) in \(K v^+\) is given by \(H v^+ = \lambda(H) \cdot v^+\) + \(\mathfrak{b}\) on \(K v^+\) is given by \(H v^+ = \lambda(H) \cdot v^+\) for all \(H \in \mathfrak{h}\) and \(X v^+ = 0\) for \(X \in \mathfrak{g}_{\alpha}\), \(\alpha \in \Delta^+\), is called \emph{the Verma module of weight \(\lambda\)} @@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ Moreover, we find\dots If \(\mathfrak{g} = \mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\), then we can take \(\mathfrak{h} = K h\) and \(\mathfrak{b} = K e \oplus K h\). If \(\lambda \in \mathfrak{h}^*\) is the map \(h \mapsto 2\) then \(M(\lambda) = - \bigoplus_{k \ge 0} K f^k v^+\), and the action of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) in + \bigoplus_{k \ge 0} K f^k v^+\), and the action of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) on \(M(\lambda)\) is given by \begin{align*} f^{k + 1} v^+ & \overset{e}{\mapsto} (2 - k (k - 1)) f^k v^+ & @@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ semisimple \(\mathfrak{g}\). Namely\dots The proof of proposition~\ref{thm:verma-is-finite-dim} is very technical and we won't include it here, but the idea behind it is to show that the set of weights of \(\sfrac{M(\lambda)}{N(\lambda)}\) is stable under the natural -action of the Weyl group \(\mathcal{W}\) in \(\mathfrak{h}^*\). One can then +action of the Weyl group \(\mathcal{W}\) on \(\mathfrak{h}^*\). One can then show that the every weight of \(V\) is conjugate to a single dominant integral weight of \(\sfrac{M(\lambda)}{N(\lambda)}\), and that the set of dominant integral weights of such irreducible quotient is finite. Since \(W\) is @@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ non-dominant \(\lambda \in P\). While \(\lambda\) is always a maximal weight of \(M(\lambda)\), one can show show that if \(\lambda \in P\) is not dominant then \(N(\lambda) = 0\) and \(M(\lambda)\) is irreducible. For instance, if \(\mathfrak{g} = \mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) and \(\lambda = -2\) then the action of -\(\mathfrak{g}\) in \(M(\lambda)\) is given by +\(\mathfrak{g}\) on \(M(\lambda)\) is given by \begin{center} \begin{tikzcd} \cdots \arrow[bend left=60]{r}{-20}
diff --git a/sections/sl2-sl3.tex b/sections/sl2-sl3.tex @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ form a basis of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) and satisfy \end{align*} Let \(V\) be a finite-dimensional irreducible \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\)-module. We -now turn our attention to the action of \(h\) in \(V\), in particular, to the +now turn our attention to the action of \(h\) on \(V\), in particular, to the eigenspace decomposition \[ V = \bigoplus_{\lambda} V_\lambda @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ V_\lambda\) and consider the set \(\{v, f v, f^2, v, \ldots\}\). Proposition~\ref{thm:basis-of-irr-rep} may seem unrelated to our problem at first, but its significance lies in the fact that we have just provided a complete -description of the action of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) in \(V\). In other +description of the action of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\) on \(V\). In other words\dots \begin{corollary} @@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ Other important consequences of proposition~\ref{thm:basis-of-irr-rep} are\dots \end{proof} Corollary~\ref{thm:sl2-find-weights} can be used to find the eigenvalues of the -action of \(h\) in an arbitrary finite-dimensional +action of \(h\) on an arbitrary finite-dimensional \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\)-module. Namely, if \(V\) and \(W\) are representations of \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\), \(v \in V_\lambda\) and \(w \in W_\lambda\) then by computing @@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ integral linear combinations of the eigenvalues of the adjoint action of \operatorname{ad}(h) f & = -2 f & \operatorname{ad}(h) h & = 0, \end{align*} -and the eigenvalues of the action of \(h\) in an irreducible +and the eigenvalues of the action of \(h\) on an irreducible \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\)-modules differ from one another by multiples of \(\pm 2\). @@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ Visually we may draw \end{tikzpicture} \end{figure} -If we denote the eigenspace of the adjoint action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) in +If we denote the eigenspace of the adjoint action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) on \(\mathfrak{sl}_3(K)\) associated to \(\alpha\) by \(\mathfrak{sl}_3(K)_\alpha\) and fix some \(X \in \mathfrak{sl}_3(K)_\alpha\), \(H \in \mathfrak{h}\) and \(v \in V_\lambda\) then @@ -464,10 +464,10 @@ This is again entirely analogous to the situation we observed in \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\). In fact, we may once more conclude\dots \begin{theorem}\label{thm:sl3-weights-congruent-mod-root} - The eigenvalues of the action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) in an irreducible + The eigenvalues of the action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) on an irreducible \(\mathfrak{sl}_3(K)\)-representation \(V\) differ from one another by integral linear combinations of the eigenvalues \(\alpha_i - \alpha_j\) of - adjoint action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) in \(\mathfrak{sl}_3(K)\). + adjoint action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) on \(\mathfrak{sl}_3(K)\). \end{theorem} \begin{proof} @@ -481,12 +481,12 @@ This is again entirely analogous to the situation we observed in \end{proof} To avoid confusion we better introduce some notation to differentiate between -eigenvalues of the action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) in \(V\) and eigenvalues of the +eigenvalues of the action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) on \(V\) and eigenvalues of the adjoint action of \(\mathfrak{h}\). \begin{definition} Given a representation \(V\) of \(\mathfrak{sl}_3(K)\), we'll call the - nonzero eigenvalues of the action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) in \(V\) \emph{weights + nonzero eigenvalues of the action of \(\mathfrak{h}\) on \(V\) \emph{weights of \(V\)}. As you might have guessed, we'll correspondingly refer to eigenvectors and eigenspaces of a given weight by \emph{weight vectors} and \emph{weight spaces}. @@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ Notice that \(\lambda([E_{1 2}, E_{2 1}]) \in \mathbb{Z}\) is the right-most eigenvalue of the \(\mathfrak{sl}_2(K)\)-module \(\bigoplus_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} V_{\lambda + k (\alpha_i - \alpha_j)}\). In particular, \(\lambda([E_{1 2}, E_{2 1}]\) must be positive. In addition, since the eigenspace of the -eigenvalue \(\lambda([E_{1 2}, E_{2 1}]) - 2k\) of the action of \(h\) in +eigenvalue \(\lambda([E_{1 2}, E_{2 1}]) - 2k\) of the action of \(h\) on \(\bigoplus_{k \in \mathbb{N}} V_{\lambda + k (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2)}\) is \(V_{\lambda + k (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2)}\), the weights of \(V\) appearing the string \(\lambda, \lambda + (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2), \ldots, \lambda + k